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<section id="command-line-introspection-tools">
<span id="asyncio-introspection-tools"></span><h1>Command-line introspection tools<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-introspection-tools" title="Link to this heading">ΒΆ</a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.15/Lib/asyncio/tools.py">Lib/asyncio/tools.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio</span></code> module can be invoked as a script via <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span>
<span class="pre">asyncio</span></code> to inspect the task graph of another running Python process without
modifying it or restarting it. The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio.tools</span></code> submodule implements
this interface.</p>
<p>The following commands inspect the process identified by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PID</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>asyncio<span class="w"> </span>pstree<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>--retries<span class="w"> </span>N<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span>PID
<span class="gp">$ </span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>asyncio<span class="w"> </span>ps<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>--retries<span class="w"> </span>N<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span>PID
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The commands read the target process state without executing any code in it.
They are only available on supported platforms and may require permission to
inspect another process. See the <a class="reference internal" href="../howto/remote_debugging.html#permission-requirements"><span class="std std-ref">permission requirements</span></a> for details.</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-graph.html#asyncio-graph"><span class="std std-ref">Call graph introspection</span></a></dt><dd><p>Programmatic APIs for inspecting the async call graph of a task or
future in the current process.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>The command examples below use this program, which creates a task hierarchy
suitable for inspection and prints its process ID:</p>
<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id1">
<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text">example.py</span><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Link to this code">ΒΆ</a></div>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">asyncio</span>
<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">play</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">track</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3600</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"π΅ Finished: </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">track</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">album</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tracks</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TaskGroup</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">tg</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">track</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">tracks</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">tg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">play</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">track</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">track</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"PID: </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getpid</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TaskGroup</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">tg</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">tg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_task</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">album</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Sundowning"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"TNDNBTG"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"Levitate"</span><span class="p">]),</span>
<span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Sundowning"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">tg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_task</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">album</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"TMBTE"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"DYWTYLM"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"Aqua Regia"</span><span class="p">]),</span>
<span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"TMBTE"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">())</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Run the program in one terminal and leave it running:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>python<span class="w"> </span>example.py
<span class="go">PID: 12345</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Then pass the printed process ID to the commands from another terminal.
Thread IDs, task IDs, file paths, and line numbers vary between runs and
source layouts.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.14.</span></p>
</div>
<section id="command-line-options">
<h2>Command-line options<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-options" title="Link to this heading">ΒΆ</a></h2>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-arg-pstree">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pstree</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">PID</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-arg-pstree" title="Link to this definition">ΒΆ</a></dt>
<dd><p>Display task and coroutine relationships as a tree. Each task is shown
with its full coroutine stack, nested under the task (if any) that is
awaiting it. This subcommand is useful for quickly identifying which branch
of a task hierarchy is blocked and where in its coroutine stack execution
has paused:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>asyncio<span class="w"> </span>pstree<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">12345</span>
<span class="go">βββ (T) Task-1</span>
<span class="go"> βββ main example.py:12</span>
<span class="go"> βββ TaskGroup.__aexit__ Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:75</span>
<span class="go"> βββ TaskGroup._aexit Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:124</span>
<span class="go"> βββ (T) Sundowning</span>
<span class="go"> β βββ album example.py:7</span>
<span class="go"> β βββ TaskGroup.__aexit__ Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:75</span>
<span class="go"> β βββ TaskGroup._aexit Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:124</span>
<span class="go"> β βββ (T) TNDNBTG</span>
<span class="go"> β β βββ play example.py:4</span>
<span class="go"> β β βββ sleep Lib/asyncio/tasks.py:702</span>
<span class="go"> β βββ (T) Levitate</span>
<span class="go"> β βββ play example.py:4</span>
<span class="go"> β βββ sleep Lib/asyncio/tasks.py:702</span>
<span class="go"> βββ (T) TMBTE</span>
<span class="go"> βββ album example.py:7</span>
<span class="go"> βββ TaskGroup.__aexit__ Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:75</span>
<span class="go"> βββ TaskGroup._aexit Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:124</span>
<span class="go"> βββ (T) DYWTYLM</span>
<span class="go"> β βββ play example.py:4</span>
<span class="go"> β βββ sleep Lib/asyncio/tasks.py:702</span>
<span class="go"> βββ (T) Aqua Regia</span>
<span class="go"> βββ play example.py:4</span>
<span class="go"> βββ sleep Lib/asyncio/tasks.py:702</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If the await graph contains a cycle, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pstree</span></code> reports an error instead
of printing a tree. A cycle in the await graph is unusual and typically
indicates a programming error:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>asyncio<span class="w"> </span>pstree<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">12345</span>
<span class="go">ERROR: await-graph contains cycles - cannot print a tree!</span>
<span class="go">cycle: Task-2 β Task-3 β Task-2</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-arg-ps">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ps</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">PID</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-arg-ps" title="Link to this definition">ΒΆ</a></dt>
<dd><p>Display a flat table of all pending tasks in the process <em>PID</em>. Each row
shows the event-loop thread ID, task ID and name, coroutine stack, and the
awaiting taskβs stack, name, and ID, if any.</p>
<p>This subcommand prints all tasks regardless of whether the await graph
contains cycles:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>asyncio<span class="w"> </span>ps<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">12345</span>
<span class="go">tid task id task name coroutine stack awaiter chain awaiter name awaiter id</span>
<span class="go">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
<span class="go">18445801 0x10a456060 Task-1 TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> main 0x0</span>
<span class="go">18445801 0x10a439f60 Sundowning TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> album TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> main Task-1 0x10a456060</span>
<span class="go">18445801 0x10a439d70 TMBTE TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> album TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> main Task-1 0x10a456060</span>
<span class="go">18445801 0x10a2a3a80 TNDNBTG sleep -> play TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> album Sundowning 0x10a439f60</span>
<span class="go">18445801 0x10a2a38a0 Levitate sleep -> play TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> album Sundowning 0x10a439f60</span>
<span class="go">18445801 0x10a2d7150 DYWTYLM sleep -> play TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> album TMBTE 0x10a439d70</span>
<span class="go">18445801 0x10a6bdaa0 Aqua Regia sleep -> play TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> album TMBTE 0x10a439d70</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-retries">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--retries</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">N</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-retries" title="Link to this definition">ΒΆ</a></dt>
<dd><p>Retry failed attempts to inspect the target process up to <em>N</em> times. This
can help when the target process changes while its state is being read.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</section>
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