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<section id="debugging-and-profiling">
<h1>Debugging and profiling<a class="headerlink" href="#debugging-and-profiling" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p>These libraries help you with Python development: the debugger enables you to
step through code, analyze stack frames and set breakpoints etc., and the
profilers run code and give you a detailed breakdown of execution times,
allowing you to identify bottlenecks in your programs. Auditing events
provide visibility into runtime behaviors that would otherwise require
intrusive debugging or patching.</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="audit_events.html">Audit events table</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="bdb.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bdb</span></code> — Debugger framework</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="faulthandler.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">faulthandler</span></code> — Dump the Python traceback</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faulthandler.html#dumping-the-traceback">Dumping the traceback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faulthandler.html#dumping-the-c-stack">Dumping the C stack</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faulthandler.html#c-stack-compatibility">C Stack Compatibility</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faulthandler.html#fault-handler-state">Fault handler state</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faulthandler.html#dumping-the-tracebacks-after-a-timeout">Dumping the tracebacks after a timeout</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faulthandler.html#dumping-the-traceback-on-a-user-signal">Dumping the traceback on a user signal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faulthandler.html#issue-with-file-descriptors">Issue with file descriptors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faulthandler.html#example">Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code> — The Python Debugger</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html#command-line-interface">Command-line interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html#debugger-commands">Debugger commands</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profiling</span></code> — Python profilers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html#introduction-to-profiling">Introduction to profiling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html#choosing-a-profiler">Choosing a profiler</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html#when-to-use-statistical-sampling">When to use statistical sampling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html#when-to-use-deterministic-tracing">When to use deterministic tracing</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html#quick-start">Quick start</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html#statistical-profiling">Statistical profiling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html#deterministic-profiling">Deterministic profiling</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html#understanding-profile-output">Understanding profile output</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html#legacy-compatibility">Legacy compatibility</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.tracing.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profiling.tracing</span></code> — Deterministic profiler</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.tracing.html#what-is-deterministic-profiling">What is deterministic profiling?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.tracing.html#command-line-interface">Command-line interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.tracing.html#programmatic-usage-examples">Programmatic usage examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.tracing.html#basic-profiling">Basic profiling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.tracing.html#using-the-profile-class">Using the <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Profile</span></code> class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.tracing.html#using-a-custom-timer">Using a custom timer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.tracing.html#limitations">Limitations</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profiling.sampling</span></code> — Statistical profiler</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#what-is-statistical-profiling">What is statistical profiling?</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#how-time-is-estimated">How time is estimated</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#when-to-use-a-different-approach">When to use a different approach</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#commands">Commands</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#the-run-command">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run</span></code> command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#the-attach-command">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">attach</span></code> command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#the-dump-command">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dump</span></code> command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#the-replay-command">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">replay</span></code> command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#profiling-in-production">Profiling in production</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#platform-requirements">Platform requirements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#version-compatibility">Version compatibility</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#sampling-configuration">Sampling configuration</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#sampling-rate-and-duration">Sampling rate and duration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#thread-selection">Thread selection</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#blocking-mode">Blocking mode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#special-frames">Special frames</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#opcode-aware-profiling">Opcode-aware profiling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#real-time-statistics">Real-time statistics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#subprocess-profiling">Subprocess profiling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#sampling-efficiency">Sampling efficiency</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#profiling-modes">Profiling modes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#wall-clock-mode">Wall-clock mode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#cpu-mode">CPU mode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#comparing-wall-clock-and-cpu-profiles">Comparing wall-clock and CPU profiles</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#gil-mode">GIL mode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#exception-mode">Exception mode</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#output-formats">Output formats</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#pstats-format">pstats format</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#collapsed-stacks-format">Collapsed stacks format</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#flame-graph-format">Flame graph format</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#differential-flame-graphs">Differential flame graphs</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#gecko-format">Gecko format</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#heatmap-format">Heatmap format</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#binary-format">Binary format</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#record-and-replay-workflow">Record and replay workflow</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#live-mode">Live mode</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#keyboard-commands">Keyboard commands</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#async-aware-profiling">Async-aware profiling</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#async-modes">Async modes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#task-markers-and-stack-reconstruction">Task markers and stack reconstruction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#option-restrictions">Option restrictions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#command-line-interface">Command-line interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#global-options">Global options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#dump-options">Dump options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#sampling-options">Sampling options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#mode-options">Mode options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#output-options">Output options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#pstats-display-options">pstats display options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#run-command-options">Run command options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pstats.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pstats</span></code> — Statistics for profilers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pstats.html#reading-and-displaying-profile-data">Reading and displaying profile data</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="pstats.html#working-with-statistics">Working with statistics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="pstats.html#filtering-output">Filtering output</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="pstats.html#analyzing-call-relationships">Analyzing call relationships</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="pstats.html#combining-multiple-profiles">Combining multiple profiles</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pstats.html#the-stats-class">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Stats</span></code> class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pstats.html#command-line-interface">Command-line interface</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="timeit.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeit</span></code> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="timeit.html#basic-examples">Basic examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="timeit.html#python-interface">Python interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="timeit.html#command-line-interface">Command-line interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="timeit.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="trace.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code> — Trace or track Python statement execution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trace.html#command-line-usage">Command-Line Usage</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="trace.html#main-options">Main options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="trace.html#modifiers">Modifiers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="trace.html#filters">Filters</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trace.html#programmatic-interface">Programmatic Interface</a></li>
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